It is not uncommon for Bakers to come across complex or unfamiliar terms and concepts in the course of their work. Some of these terms may come from another language, particularly French, or may refer to a long forgotten tradition.
We don’t intend to cover all possible terms associated with baking, or all meanings of terms. Rather, the intention is to explain words and concepts relevant to and commonly used in the New Zealand baking industry. Terms that appear in the Glossary are defined in relation to the New Zealand baking industry and concepts, technology and products in common use.
The information in the Glossary comes from a variety of sources including recipe books, technical baking books, existing glossaries and dictionaries have also provided valuable information. In some instances, definitions are based on direct observation, industry knowledge, or advice from bakers or scientists. Click here to view the References
- absorption
- acidity regulators
- active dried yeast
- additive
- adsorption
- aeration
- agar
- agitator
- air cell
- air oven method
- albumen
- alcohol
- alginates
- all-in method
- all-purpose flour
- allspice
- almond paste
- alpha-amylase
- American icing
- amino acids
- ammonium chloride
- ammonium powders
- amylases
- amylograph
- amylopectin
- amylose
- angel food cake
- angelica
- aniseed
- antioxidants
- ANZFA
- Arabic bread
- arrowroot
- artisan breads
- ascorbic acid
- ash test
- aspartame
- Aspergillus
- aspic
- automated laminator
- azodicarbonamide
- bagel
- bagging
- baguette
- bain-marie
- bake
- bake blind
- bake-off
- bake score
- bake test
- baker's chocolate
- baker's percent
- Bakewell tart
- baking
- baking powder
- baking sheet
- baking soda
- baking stone
- baking tin
- baklava
- balance
- band oven
- band slicer
- bap
- base concentrate
- basic dough
- batard
- batch
- baton
- Battenberg
- batter
- beat
- Belgian waffle
- belt dispenser
- bench
- beta-amylase
- beta-glucans
- BF bake test
- BF method
- biological aeration
- biological leavening
- biscotti
- biscuit
- biscuit base
- biscuit shaping
- blanch
- blast freezing
- blending method
- blitz method
- blocking
- bloom
- boil
- boiled Genoese
- boiled meringue
- bonbon
- book-fold turn
- Boston bun
- bottom heat
- boulangerie
- bran
- brandy snaps
- bread fault
- bread flour
- bread maker
- bread sticks
- break
- brine
- brioche
- brownie
- brush
- buckwheat
- buffer salts
- bug damage
- bulgur wheat
- bulk fermentation method
- butter cream
- butter cream icing
- butterfat
- buttermilk
- cake crumbs
- cake flour
- cake hoop
- cake icing
- calcium propionate
- calcium stearoyllactylate (CSL)
- calorie
- calzone
- canapé
- canola oil
- capillary melting point
- caramel
- caramelise
- caramelised sugar
- carbohydrate
- carbon dioxide
- carboxyl-methyl cellulose (CMC)
- carob
- carob beans
- carotene
- carrageenan
- cassia
- castor sugar
- CBP
- CCP
- cereals
- chaff
- chapatti
- checking
- checking proof
- cheese stick
- cheesecake
- Chelsea bun
- chemical aeration
- chemical leavening
- chiffon cake
- chlorinated flour
- chocolate
- chocolate flavoured compounds
- Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP)
- choux pastry
- ciabatta
- CIP
- citric acid
- citron
- citrus fruit
- close-textured
- closed-top pie
- cloves
- CMC
- co-extrusion
- COA
- coagulate
- coat
- coating
- cocoa
- cocoa butter
- cocoa powder
- coconut
- coeliac disease
- coffee creams
- cold meringue
- colloids
- colour grade
- comb scraper
- combination method
- compound
- compressed yeast
- concentrates
- condition
- confectioner's custard
- confectioner's sugar
- consistency
- continuous mixer
- convection
- cook
- cookie
- cookie spread
- cookie spread test
- cooking chocolate
- cooling
- cooling rack
- corn
- corn flour
- corn oil
- corn syrup
- Cornish pasty
- cottage bread
- couche
- couverture
- crackers
- craft bakery
- craisins
- cranberries
- cream
- cream bun
- cream horn
- cream of tartar
- cream yeast
- creamed icing
- creaming method
- créme fraiche
- créme patissiere
- crepe
- crimp
- critical control point (CCP)
- croissant
- cross-linking
- cross rolling
- croutons
- crumb colour
- crumb softeners
- crumb structure
- crumb texture
- crumpet
- crust
- crust collapse
- cryogenic freezing
- crystallisation
- crystallised
- CSL
- cultivars
- cup cakes
- curd
- curdle
- curling
- custard
- custard slice
- cutter
- cysteine
- damaged starch
- damaged starch test
- damper
- Danish pastry
- decorating icing
- delayed soda method
- Demerara sugar
- denature
- depan
- deposit
- depositor
- desiccate
- desiccated coconut
- development time
- Devonshire tea
- dew-point
- dextrin
- dextrose
- diastatic activity
- diastatic malts
- die
- diglyceride
- dinner rolls
- direct-fired oven
- disaccharide
- dividing
- dividing time
- docker
- docking
- dough
- dough conditioners
- dough cutter
- dough development
- dough divider
- dough extensibility
- dough hook
- dough maturity
- dough rheology
- dough scraper
- dough sheet
- dough strength
- dough time
- doughnut
- dried skim milk
- dry peak
- Dundee cake
- Durum wheat
- dust
- dusting flour
- Eccles cakes
- éclair
- efficiency
- egg-wash
- elastic
- elasticity
- emboss
- emulsifier
- emulsion
- endosperm
- energy
- English method
- English muffin
- enrobe
- enzyme
- essence
- ethnic breads
- evaporated milk
- extensibility
- extensible
- extract
- extraction rate
- extrusion
- Fahrenheit
- falling number test
- fancies
- farinograph
- fast acting maturing agents
- fat failure
- fat replacers
- fats
- fatty acids
- fermentation
- fibre
- filo pastry
- final proof
- finishing
- flan
- flash bake
- flash point
- flat bread
- flat icing
- flavour
- flavours
- floor time
- Florentines
- flour
- flour batter method
- flour confectionery
- flour report
- flour specification
- flour treatment agent
- fluid ounces
- foam
- focaccia
- fold
- fondant
- forcing roller
- formula
- four-fold turn
- four-piece moulding
- frangipane
- freeze
- freezer burn
- French bread
- French method
- French tart
- frosting
- frozen dough
- fructose
- fruit bread
- fruit cake
- fruit fillings
- fruit flan
- FSANZ
- fudge
- fudge icing
- full paste
- ganache
- garnish
- gassing
- gateau
- GE
- gelatine
- gelatinisation
- Genoese sponge
- germ
- ginger
- ginger cake
- ginger gem
- gingerbread
- glacé fruit
- glaze
- gliadin
- gloss
- glucose
- gluten
- gluten flour
- gluten intolerance
- glutenin
- glycerine
- glycerol
- GMO
- GMP
- GMS
- golden syrup
- graham crackers
- gram
- granulated sugar
- grease
- griddle
- grissini
- guar gum
- gum Arabic
- gum paste
- gum tragacanth
- gums
- HACCP
- halal
- half-turn
- hamburger bun
- hand moulding
- hand scaling
- hard rolls
- hearth bread
- heat damaged flour
- heavy Genoese
- hemi-cellulase
- hemi-cellulose
- high pressure liquid chromatography
- high ratio cake
- high ratio flour
- high ratio Genoese
- hoe cake
- homogenisation
- homogeniser
- honey
- hopper
- hot cross buns
- hot dog roll
- hot meringue
- hot paste method
- hotcake
- hotplate goods
- HPLC
- humectants
- humidity
- hydrogenated shortening
- hydrogenation
- hydrolysis
- hydrophilic
- hydrophobic
- hygiene
- hygroscopic
- icing
- icing knife
- icing sugar
- imperial measurement
- impingement oven
- improver
- in-store bakery
- incorporate
- indirect-fired oven
- insoluble
- instant dry yeast
- intermediate proof
- intermediate prover
- inventory
- invert sugar
- invertase
- inverted oven
- iodised salt
- Italian bread
- Italian meringue
- J divider
- jam
- jam tarts
- jelly
- Kaiser roll
- kibble
- kilogram
- kilojoule
- kirsch
- kiss
- Kjeldahl test
- knead
- knock back
- knot
- kosher
- L-cysteine
- labelling
- lactic acid
- lactose
- lactose intolerant
- lady fingers
- lag time
- laminate
- lard
- latent heat
- layer cake
- lean cakes
- lean formula
- leavened
- leavening
- lebkuchen
- lecithin
- Leco test
- lemon curd
- lemon meringue
- lift
- light Genoese
- lime
- lipase enzymes
- lipids
- lipophilic
- lipoxidase enzymes
- liqueur
- liquid ferment system
- loaf volume
- locust bean gum
- low speed conventional mixer
- M fault
- macaroon
- madeleine
- Maillard reaction
- maize
- make up
- malt
- malt extract
- malt flour
- maltase
- maltose
- maple syrup
- maraschino cherry
- marble cake
- margarine
- marshmallow
- marzipan
- mask
- mass
- mature dough
- maturing agents
- MDD
- MDD bake test
- measure
- mechanical aeration
- mechanical dough development
- meringue
- methylcellulose
- milk powder
- milk replacers
- milk solids
- mille feuilles
- millet
- minerals
- mix
- mixed peel
- mixed spice
- mixer
- mixing tolerance
- mocha
- modified starch
- moistener
- moisture
- moisture content
- molasses
- monoglyceride
- monosaccharide
- morning goods
- mould
- mould inhibitor
- moulder panner
- mousse
- mouth feel
- muffin
- multi-deck oven
- multi-grain bread
- naan
- Napoleon
- nestling in
- nib almonds
- NIR test
- no-time system
- non-diastatic malts
- nougat
- nuggets
- oats
- oil
- oil spraying
- open-top pie
- organic
- organic flour
- osmosis
- Othello
- oven
- oven spring
- over-mature dough
- overheads
- oxidants
- oxidation
- paddle beater
- palette knife
- pallet
- pan glaze
- pancakes
- panettone
- particle size
- paste
- pasteurise
- pastry
- pastry brake
- pastry brush
- pastry butter
- pastry cream
- pastry flour
- pasty
- patisserie
- patty tin
- pavlova
- peak
- pectin
- peel
- penny stacker
- pentosans
- perforated tray
- permeable
- petit four
- physical aeration
- pie
- pikelet
- pimento
- pinwheel
- piping
- piping bag
- piping nozzle
- pita bread
- plain flour
- plain sponge sandwich
- plait
- plastic
- plastic icing
- plasticity
- plate freezing
- pocket divider
- polysaccharide
- poppadam
- pork pie
- potable
- potassium carbonate
- potato flour
- pound cake
- praline
- pre-ferment
- pre-sheeter
- preheat
- premix
- preservative
- pressure board
- pressure vacuum mixer
- pressure whisk
- pretzel
- processing aid
- production line
- production schedule
- production sheet
- proof height
- proofing
- proofing basket
- proofing cabinet
- proofing cloth
- proofing time
- protease
- protein content
- proteins
- prover
- puff pastry
- pumpernickel
- quiche
- rack
- rack oven
- radiation
- raw materials
- ready-roll pastry
- recipe
- recipe balance
- reciprocating blade slicer
- reciprocating cutters
- reconstitute
- reducing agent
- reel oven
- relative humidity
- relaxation
- release agents
- rest
- retard
- retarder
- retrogradation
- ribbon stage
- rice flour
- roast
- rock salt
- rock sugar
- roller milling
- rolling
- rolling pin
- rope
- rotary cutter
- rotary moulding
- rotating tray oven
- roulade
- rounder
- rounder bars
- rounding
- roux
- royal icing
- rubbing-in method
- rye bread
- rye flour
- rye meal
- Sacher torte
- Sally Lunn
- salt
- sandwich plates
- saturated
- sausage roll
- savouries
- Savoy bag
- scale
- scaling
- scone
- scoop
- scorch
- Scotch method
- scrape down
- scraper
- scraps
- scratch baking
- scrolls
- seal
- season
- seasoning
- self-rising flour
- sensory evaluation
- shape
- sheeted
- sheeter
- sheeting
- shelf life
- shell
- short dough
- short pastry
- shortbread
- shortening
- shortness
- shrinkage
- side-wall collapse
- simnel cake
- single-piece moulding
- single-stage mixing
- skim milk
- skin
- slab cake
- slack
- slice
- slurry
- smallgoods
- smearing
- sodium alginate
- sodium bicarbonate
- sodium stearoyllactylate
- soft ball stage
- soft brown sugar
- soft dough
- soft peak
- soft rolls/buns
- solid fat index (SFI)
- solution
- sourdough
- soya flour
- spatula
- speciality breads
- specification sheet
- speculaas
- spoilage
- sponge
- sponge and dough method
- sponge bars
- sponge drops
- sprout damage
- spun sugar
- stabiliser
- stale
- staling
- starch
- starter
- steam
- stock rotation
- stock syrup
- stone fruit
- stone milling
- streaks
- streusel
- strong flour
- structural ingredients
- strudel
- suction divider
- sugar
- sugar batter method
- sugar bloom
- sugar wafer
- suspension
- sweetened condensed milk
- sweetener
- Swiss roll
- tahini
- tailing off
- taint
- tare weight
- tart
- tartaric acid
- TEM
- temperature
- tempering
- tenderness
- texture
- thiamine
- thickeners
- three-quarter paste
- tight
- tinning
- topping
- torte
- tough
- travelling oven
- trimmings
- tunnel oven
- turntable
- Tweedy MDD mixer
- two-stage mixing
- UHT milk
- under-mature dough
- uniform
- unleavened
- unsweetened chocolate
- upright bowl mixer
- vacuum setting
- vanilla slice
- vanilla sugar
- variety breads
- vegan
- vegetable oil
- vegetarian
- vertical dough mixer
- Victoria sponge
- Vienna bread
- viscosity
- viscous
- vol-au-vent
- wafer
- waffle
- waffle iron
- wash
- water absorption
- water-binding additives
- water icing
- watt hours
- weighing up
- weight
- wheat
- whey
- whip
- whisk
- whisking method
- white chocolate
- white layer cake
- whole milk
- wholemeal flour
- windmill
- wire cutting
- work input
- X fault
- yeast
- yeasted pastry
- yellow layer cake
- yield
- yolk
- z-arm mixer
- zest
- zymase
